Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. Sarcasm and/or ridicule should never be used, since they inhibit the spontaneity of the participants. They must also hold a current ATP or commercial certificate and earn a score of more than 70% on an FAA-administered flight instructor demonstrated knowledge test. These slide shows can be only bulleted information or incorporate animation and video clips. C. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. It is also a good idea at this time to let students know whether or not questions during the lecture are welcomed. The instructor should not, however, use substandard English. Lecturing is unquestionably the most economical of all teaching methods in terms of the time required to present a given amount of material, The lecture is particularly suitable for introducing a new subject and for explaining the necessary background information. Effective case studies require the student to use critical thinking skills, An excellent source of real-world case studies for flight instructors can be found at the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) where descriptions of more than 140,000 aviation accidents are located. [Figure 4-11] Planning the guided discussion as well as learning how to ask the type of questions used in guided discussions are assets for any aviation instructor, In 1966, the McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada pioneered a new approach to teaching and curriculum design called problem-based learning (PBL). The steps in Figure 4-6 form a guideline for lesson presentation. Instructors should also try to prepare students for viewing CD/DVD programs by telling them what to watch carefully, what is important or, possibly, what is incorrect. The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. On the other hand, poorly constructed long sentences are difficult to follow and can easily become tangled. In certain instances, the instructor has no opportunity to assign preliminary work and must face the students for the first time. Lectures also may be used to introduce a unit of instruction or a complete training program. Thus, an instructor who introduces some form of active student participation in the middle of a lecture greatly increases student retention. There are several points at which assessments can be made: before training, during training, and after training. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed, Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning process is enhanced in several ways. A postage stamp, typed material, textbook illustrations, or a defective spark plug are representative of the items that may be projected. When using CAL, the instructor should remain actively involved with the students by using close supervision, questions, examinations, quizzes, or guided discussions on the subject matter to constantly assess student progress, Simulation (the appearance of real life), role-playing (playing a specific role in the context of a real world situation), and video gaming have taken e-learning in new directions. On the other hand, a student needs knowledge in order to build understanding of a subject, One last disadvantage of the lecture is that it does not foster attainment of certain types of learning outcome, such as motor skills, need to be perfected via hands-on practice. By being a lifelong learner, the aviation professional remains current in both aviation and education. Similarly, the instructor can prepare the prediscussion assignment more effectively while conducting research for the classroom period. Facts and ideas that have been logically organized can be concisely presented in rapid sequence. This allows the student to make decisions that fit his or her experience level and result in positive outcomes. This method uses collaboration and can be modified for an interactive one-on-one learning situation such as an independent aviation instructor might encounter. The group task may emphasize academic achievement, cognitive abilities, or physical skills, but the instructor must use clear and specific learning objectives to describe the knowledge and/or abilities the students are to acquire and then demonstrate on their own. It also may be difficult to find good programs for certain subject areas, and the expense associated with the equipment, software, and facilities must be considered. Suspendisse ultrices hendrerit a vitae vel a sodales. VR uses graphics with animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of real-life experience. Injuries: one serious, one minor, one uninjured", The flight instructor has the student analyze the information and suggest possible reasons for the accident. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. The equipment necessary and the instructor and student actions anticipated during the lesson have also been specified. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. In the discussion, the instructor should be certain that the main points discussed build logically with the objective. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. A. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. Sequencing also can be enhanced simply by using overlays on transparencies, stripping techniques on charts and chalk or marker boards, and by imaginative use of magnetic boards. An instructor should also be patient and give students a chance to react. Any of these may be appropriate at one time or another. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" These programs typically allow the students to select a test, complete the questions, and find out how they did on the test. For example, a lecture is a convenient way to instruct large groups. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. They can focus on the area they either need to study or want to study For example, a maintenance student who wants to find information on the refueling of a specific aircraft could use a CAL program to access the refueling section, and study the entire procedure. Taking physical or mental flight is a defense mechanism students use when they A. lose interest during the advanced stages of training. During a formal lecture, the speakers purpose is to inform, to persuade, or to entertain with little or no verbal participation by the students. Regardless of the teaching or training delivery method used, the teaching process remains the same. Models are especially adaptable to small group discussions in which students are encouraged to ask questions. Another use of computers would allow students to review procedures at their own pace while the instructor is involved in hands-on training with other students. The instructor's role is to instill and eventually evaluate the comprehension and ability of the pilot in pursuit of a certification, rating, or license. The capability to stop, freeze, and replay information is helpful for both instructors and students. Having decided on the objectives, an instructor can use this information to complete many of the steps on the lesson plan. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. The rhetorical question is similar in nature, because it also spurs group thought. Content validity means that a particular maneuver or procedure closely mimics what is required. [Figure 4-3] And, finally, a training course outline within a curriculum is the content of a particular course. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. The terrain is flat farmland with no published obstacles, What will he do now? An increasingly popular form of teaching, the case study contains a story relative to the student that forces him or her to deal with situations encountered in real life, The instructor presents the case to the students who then analyze it, come to conclusions, and offer possible solutions. Enhanced training materials that include these benchmarks can help aviation instructors complete, endorse, and document required training, For example, the training syllabi represent enhanced training material and contain provisions for instructor endorsements and recordkeeping. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. An aviation instructor needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot or technician who should: Develop and exercise good judgment in making decisions, Adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters, and, Adhere to applicable laws and regulations. Obviously, an explanation of elaborate equipment may require detailed schematics or mock-ups, but less complex equipment may lend itself to only basic shapes or figures. Less information at first is easier to absorb, By using something the student already knows as the point of departure, the instructor can lead into new ideas and concepts. Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty is encountered. They also should be meaningful to the student, lead to the desired behavioral or learning objectives, and provide appropriate reinforcement. In the second, the instructor observes the pilots' behavior during the simulation, gives feedback if necessary and evaluates their skills. Every time practice occurs, learning continues. Only after reasonable competence has been demonstrated should the student be allowed to practice certain maneuvers on solo flights. The instructors success is determined to a large degree by the ability to organize material and to select and utilize a teaching method appropriate to a particular lesson, Application is student use of the instructors presented material. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. Efforts in this area pay great dividends in terms of quality of instruction. The airlines, as well as aeronautical programs at some colleges and universities, have used similar facilities for many years, Another type of computer-based technology, virtual reality (VR), creates a sensory experience that allows a participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from a real one. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. The instructor acts as a facilitator to encourage discussion between students, In the guided discussion, learning is achieved through the skillful use of questions. Upon arrival at the airport the student makes decisions (with guidance and feedback as necessary) to safely enter and fly the traffic pattern, Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered during the lesson and require the students to demonstrate how well the lesson objectives have been met. Assessment is explored in more detail in chapter 5, Instructional aids are devices that assist an instructor in the teaching-learning process. Computer-aided information is particularly useful for aviation maintenance activities. Discussion questions should be easy for students to understand, put forth decisively by the instructor, and followed by silence. Unless the students have some knowledge to exchange with each other, they cannot reach the desired learning outcomes by the discussion method. The instructor provides assistance when needed, but he or she needs to remember that learning to solve the problem or task without assistance is part of the learning process. It is actually a learned capability, which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude. [Figure 4-17], In practice, the choice of instructional aids depends on several factors. In the teaching lecture, the instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses from the classfacial expressions, manner of taking notes, and apparent interest or disinterest in the lesson. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The guided discussion has three main parts: introduction, discussion, and conclusion. The instructor usually shows these primary relationships by developing the main points in one of the following ways: from past to present, simple to complex, known to unknown, and most frequently used to least used, In this pattern of development, the subject matter is arranged chronologically, from the present to the past or from the past to the present.