Diameter and growth rate of the thoracic aortaanalysis based on serial The Bland-Altman analysis gave a 95% confidence interval of5.1 1.1% for the aortic annulus, 4.1 1.2% for the sinuses of Valsalva, 4.3 1.1% for the sinotubular junction, and 5.1 1.5% for the maximum diameter of the proximal ascending aorta. Thus, current guideline-recommended normal ranges may need to be adjusted to account for these differences. Echocardiographic and anthropometric data from a retrospective cohort of 2843 patients with aortic stenosis (jet velocity >2.5 m/s) and from 1525 patients prospectively followed in the simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis (SEAS) trial were analysed. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The major problem of the MMode is that perpendicular orientation to the left atrium may not be possible. Aneurysms can dissect (tear) or rupture and cause life-threatening internal bleeding. Exclusion criteria were coronary artery disease, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, valvular or congenital heart disease, bicuspid aortic valve, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathies, sinus tachycardia, use of illicit drugs, elite athletes, and inadequate echocardiographic image quality. The interobserver and intraobserver variabilities were examined using both Pearson bivariate 2-tailed correlations and Bland-Altman analysis. eCollection 2022 Feb. Korean Circ J. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE - Oxford Academic Epub 2021 Dec 14. Twenty anaesthetized young pigs, 42 2 (standard deviation) kg on standardized tepid cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomized (10 per group) to depolarizing or polarizing cardiac arrest for 60 min with cardioplegia administered in the aortic root every 20 min as freshly mixed cold, intermittent, oxygenated blood. The specific manner in which these measurements are obtained is of obvious importance. This calculator allows one to determine the ascending aorta morphology on the basis of anthropometric parameters. Aortic valve area calculation by the Gorlin formula is an indirect method of determining AVA based on the flow through the valve during ventricular systole divided by the systolic pressure gradient across the valve times a constant (44.3). J Am Soc Echocardiogr. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Richard B Devereux, Richard Cooper, Alan Weder, Todd B Seto, Craig Hanis, Thomas H Mosley, Jr, D C Rao, Donna K Arnett. For patients up to 25 years of age: utilizing systole, inner to inner edge measurement of the sinuses of valsalva according to personal communication from Steve Colan. Calculation of percentiles utilizes the published averages and standard deviations for the binned age and BSA groups and assumes a normal distribution of size diameters within each interval. Women were slightly older, lighter, and smaller than men. Aortic Valve Area Calculator - MDApp Adult heterozygous mice carrying the Actn2 p.Met228Thr variant were phenotyped by echocardiography. To investigate the influence of indexation on the prevalence of severe aortic stenosis and on the predictive accuracy regarding clinical outcome. PDF Aortic Size Assessment by Noncontrast Cardiac Computed Tomography We previously introduced the aortic size index (asi), defined as aortic size/body surface area (bsa), as a predictor of aortic dissection, rupture, and death. Aortic dissection[edit] Diagnostic is an undulating motion intimal flap, which in more recordings and directions must be seen. Don't worry, my wisdom won't change. Aortic Dilatation and Dissection in Turner Syndrome | Circulation This calculator Aortic Root Diameter Calculator - CALCKP - Calckp.blogspot.com Disclaimer. Growth rate estimates, yearly . To account for differences in body size in patients with aortic stenosis, aortic valve area (AVA) is divided by body surface area (BSA) to calculate indexed AVA (AVAindex). Clinical Topics: Cardiac Surgery, Invasive Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention, Noninvasive Imaging, Prevention, Vascular Medicine, Aortic Surgery, Cardiac Surgery and Arrhythmias, Interventions and Imaging, Interventions and Vascular Medicine, Keywords: Aneurysm, Dissecting, Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic, Aortic Rupture, Body Size, Body Surface Area, Body Weight, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Diagnostic Imaging, Dissection, Risk, Secondary Prevention, Vascular Diseases. Please quote your membership iOS privacy policy Results from 88 thoracic and 110 abdominal contrast material-enhanced CT examinations were analyzed in children without known cardiovascular disease who ranged in age from 0 to 20 years (mean, 9.9 years; standard deviation, 5.7), with BSA ranging from 0.19 to 2.52 m 2.Excellent interrater reliability was present (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.95 to 0.98). Five-year complication-free survival was progressively worse with increasing ASI and AHI. 8600 Rockville Pike HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Cuspidi C, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, Seravalle G, Grassi G, Mancia G. Clin Res Cardiol. Measurements should be performed in apical views (four- and two-chamber view) during end-systole. However, weight might not contribute substantially to aortic size and growth. Median age was 52 years, and 396 (40%) were men. Population-based . What Causes Enlarged Aortic Root? - Epainassist The study was approved by theinstitutions Ethics Board, and informed consent was obtained from the participants. The aortic size criterion is extremely valuable, having held up clinically over the years as a dependable . Pulsed and continuous-wave Doppler interrogations were performed on all 4 cardiac valves. oculus quest 2 floor level too high Click To Call Now (270) 478-5489; battle of the bulge ww2 quizlet Among patients with thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm (TAAA), how does aortic diameter indexed to patient height (the aortic height index [AHI]) compare with aortic diameter indexed to body surface area (BSA) for the estimation of the risk of aortic dissection, rupture, or death? PB00if;'\kap P a!9al'tiBW PK ! height has been suggested to be the most impor-tant determinant of aortic root size compared with BSA or weight (4-6). Aortic Root Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Epub 2016 May 18. Principally, the Society wanted to ensure that reference intervals were derived from the most contemporaneous and prospectively acquired data; that reference intervals were derived from evidence that best applies to the British population; and finally that echo guidance and cut-offs reflect UK practice. Aorta size is related most strongly to body surface area (BSA) and age. Height vs. BSA for Normalization of Ascending Aorta Diameter An enlarged aortic root is similar to that of an aneurysm. Bookshelf Would you like email updates of new search results? Web what is the normal size of the ascending aorta? British Society of Echocardiography Monday - Friday 9.00 am - 5.00 pm. Background To account for differences in body size in patients with aortic stenosis, aortic valve area (AVA) is divided by body surface area (BSA) to calculate indexed AVA (AVA index ). Aortic root diameter was strongly related to BSA and height (r = 0.48 for the 2 comparisons), age (r = 0.36), and male gender (+2.7 mm adjusted for BSA and age, p <0.001 for all comparisons). and transmitted securely. Indexing aortic valve area by body surface area increases the - PubMed Background: Step 2: Click the Calculate Button . Sinus Of Valsalva Aneurysm - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Conclusions doi: 10.1530/ERP-20-0035. Size-Adjusted Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Diameter Reference Values Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Ring L, Shah BN, Bhattacharyya S, Harkness A, Belham M, Oxborough D, Pearce K, Rana BS, Augustine DX, Robinson S, Tribouilloy C. Echo Res Pract. cited by this calculator preceded the publication of the 2010 ASE Guidelines. The aim of this study was to explore the full spectrum of AR diameters by TTE in a large cohort of healthy subjects and to investigate the impact of age, gender, and body surface area (BSA) by allometric analysis and multivariate models. Eur Cardiol. In international guidelines, risk estimation for thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm (TAAA) is based on aortic diameter. Published by at june 13, 2022. calculator - aorticcalculator calculator Aorticcalculator .predicting the normal values of ascending aorta morphology. Aorta and Pulmonary Artery Normal Diameter Size Range, Calculate Adjusting parameters of aortic valve stenosis severity by body size. Upon dissection watch: Location of dissection Aortic Size Assessment by Noncontrast Cardiac Computed Tomography: Normal Limits by Age, Gender, and Body Surface Area. Conclusions: You should use a unique identifier, not the patients name to preserve confidentiality. 2022 Dec 19;17:e26. commonly reported for conditions such as Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and Kawasaki disease. Careers. Aortic prosthetic size predictor in aortic valve replacement Step 3: The BSA and Maximum SOV Diameter (Aortic Root Diameter) is Calculated. From June 2007 to December 2013, a total of 1,043 Caucasian healthy volunteers (mean age 44.7 15.9years, range 16 to 92 years, 503 men [48%]) underwent comprehensive TTE. 2022 Aug 26. doi: 10.1007/s00392-022-02086-z. So I just had a "New Year, New Me" moment and my resolution is to become a new and improved version of myself in a couple of weeks. Android privacy policy Copyright 2015 - 2016 Radiology Universe Institute, a public benefit corporation. Epub 2021 Jul 29. 2008;1 (2):200-209. Ligurian Group of SIEC (Italian Society of Echocardiography)]. 8F?JOd:xOj1c/%#E1RUBVB7H:aLo C(5 52cz"6B.Lp;oW%WfaX'l}Cw#d O*j9t\mkrFY{ 2N,;g@t\@"V 3qM.7Z9=9B:~"TIo; E/#C;%2' PK ! The site is secure. FOIA In 1,207 apparently normal subjects 15 years old (54% women), aortic root diameter was 2.1 to 4.3 cm. Epub 2014 May 20. The aim of this study was to explore the full spectrum. #^ NpnL9+>IUKsuIu)7[.p`,%K&LXA9 ++-/964^Td[@? Generally, an aneurysm expands over a period at the rate of 10% per annum. Transthoracic echocardiographic reference values of the aortic root V xl/workbook.xmlTn0?+Z,y,( q/4EYD$R%FPe.o,SK` *S.v Y/!FB From June 2007 to December 2013, a sample of 1,142 consecutive apparently health adults were referred to echocardiographic laboratories of the Department of Cardiology and Emergency Medicine of San Antonio Hospital, San Daniele del Friuli, Udine, Italy and Division of Cardiology, Cava de Tirreni-Amalfi Coast, Heart Department, University Hospital of Salerno, Italy, for the purpose of presentstudy. Three BP measurements were obtained from the right arm with a mercury manometer, and the results were averaged to determine systolic and diastolic BPs. The overall fit of the model using AHI was modestly superior based on the concordance statistic. 2012 Oct 15;110(8):1189- 94. 1. Raw data was not published. Determinants and normal values of ascending aortic diameter by age Soulat-Dufour L, Addetia K, Miyoshi T, Citro R, Daimon M, Fajardo PG, Kasliwal RR, Kirkpatrick JN, Monaghan MJ, Muraru D, Ogunyankin KO, Park SW, Ronderos RE, Sadeghpour A, Scalia GM, Takeuchi M, Tsang W, Tucay ES, Tude Rodrigues AC, Vivekanandan A, Zhang Y, Diehl M, Schreckenberg M, Mor-Avi V, Asch FM, Lang RM; WASE Investigators. Aortic diameters were independently associated with age, gender (model A), and BSA (model B); weight and height did not have any additional significant impact on aortic dimension (model C; Table6 ). J Am Coll Cardiol Img. Methods: Berthelot-Richer M, Pibarot P, Capoulade R, Dumesnil JG, Dahou A, Thebault C, Le Ven F, Clavel MA. Aorta Diameter Normal Range Data Data based on: Wolak A, Gransar H, Thomson LJ, et al. :! tZf|}68meG.Hio)0*6&x. Aortic Stenosis: New Insights in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. 1 It is caused by complete or partial loss of a second sex chromosome, with or without cell line mosaicism. PDF Aortic size index enlargement is associated with central hemodynamics How Specific measurements were made by the average of 5 cardiac cycles. The .gov means its official. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The aim of this study was to explore the full spectrum of AR diameters by 2-dimensional transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography (TTE) in a large cohort of healthy adults. Normal Values of Aortic Root Dimensions in Healthy Adults The rationale for all suggested changes to practice are discussed in the guideline document. There was a straight correlation between aortic diameters (absolute and indexed values), their ratios, and age in both genders (p= 0.0001). Valvular regurgitation was quantified from color Doppler imaging and categorized as absent, minimal (within normal limits), mild, moderate, or severe. The effect of BSA on aortic diameter Both cardiac output and total blood volume are elevated with increased BSA, and studies have shown that these circulatory changes result in left and right ventricular hypertrophy and cavity dilatation [ 3, 27 ]. In conclusion, we provide the full range of AR diameters by TTE. Copyright 2021 American Society of Echocardiography. Background: To account for differences in body size in patients with aortic stenosis, aortic valve area (AVA) is divided by body surface area (BSA) to calculate indexed AVA (AVAindex). The aortic size index (ASI) is defined as the AD divided by BSA. The predictive value of AHI and aorta diameter indexed to BSA (aortic size index [ASI]) was compared. Multimodality Imaging to Explore Sex Differences in Aortic Stenosis. Results: and transmitted securely. Aortic Root Z-Score Calculator | ParameterZ.com TTE measurements of the AR were made at end-diastole in parasternal long-axis views at 4 levels: (1) annulus, (2) sinuses of Valsalva, (3) sinotubular junction, and (4) proximal ascending aorta. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Residuals of observed aortic diameters versus those predicted by multivariate models were calculated, and their relations to age, gender, body size (weight, height, or BSA) were assessed. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. In some circumstances, the Society has chosen to deviate from the combined European and American guidance. Differences among age, sex, and racial groups were evaluated using unpaired two-tailed Student's t tests. government site. Design. MeSH 2023 American College of Cardiology Foundation. For patients > 15 years of age and adults: utilizing diastole and leading edge-to-leading edge measurement of the sinuses of valsalva. Enter the height, weight, and age and select the correct units. Data are presented as the mean SD, median, and twenty-fifth and seventy-fifth percentiles. 2020 Jan 21;9(2):e014609. Aortic dimensions decrease from sinuses of Valsalva to the descending aorta. Any change in the value will pose trouble for any individual because the contraction and expansion make it difficult for the blood to flow smoothly through the aorta. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Join us in the fight for victory over genetic aortic and vascular conditions. Wolak A, Gransar H, Thomson LJ, et al. Step 1: Enter the Height, Weight, and Age of the Patient. aortic root size indexed to bsa calculator Aortic Root Z-Scores for Adults. MDMath - Csecho.ca Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Current guidelines recommend prophylactic surgical intervention at an aortic diameter of 5.5 cm for asymptomatic patients, and between 4.0 and 5.0 cm for Marfan syndrome and other genetically-mediated thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) ( 2 ). Aortic Size Assessment by Noncontrast Cardiac Computed Tomography: Normal Limits by Age, Gender, and Body Surface Area. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. However, little is known about the underlying disease mechanisms. A total of 190 untreated and treated essential hypertensive patients (mean age, 5511 years) were considered for this analysis. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Aorta dimensions are variably dependent on age, gender, and body size. Tribouilloy C, Bohbot Y, Marchaux S, Debry N, Delpierre Q, Peltier M, Diouf M, Slama M, Messika-Zeitoun D, Rusinaru D. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. Aortic Size Index Calculator - CALCULATOR VCD Gross anatomy. Changes in the assessment of the aortic root: Aortic dimensions now indexed for height and not BSA, Should be obtained in end-diastole using inner-edge to inner-edge method, Whereas previously there were different reference ranges for aortic dimensions according to age, the Society now produces age-independent ranges for men and women. The aortic root is located between the aortic annulus (the junction of the outflow tract of the left ventricle and the aortic valve) and the sinotubular junction (where the ascending aorta originates). 1,2 This is based on a sharp rise in the risk of . Normal Values of Aortic Root Dimensions in Healthy Adults The studied population included 1,043 healthy subjects: 503 men and 540 women. You're still going to find the same useful information here. The normal sinus diameter is less than 4.0 cm for men and 3.6 cm for women. Reproducibility of aortic measurements was determined in 50 subjects randomly selected. 10 considered three age strata: younger than 20 years, 20-40 years, and older than 40 years by published equations. Aortic Root Index AVA (Continuity Equation VMax) AVA (Continuity Equation VTI) . LA Volume = (8 /3 ) x (A 1 x A 2 . Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (kEDS). Any change in the value will pose trouble for any individual because the contraction and expansion make it difficult for the blood to flow smoothly through the aorta. 1. 2021 Dec;37(12):3513-3524. doi: 10.1007/s10554-021-02354-5. The mean age for this group was 58 13 years. calculator - aorticcalculator Annulo-aortic ectasia can be an isolated condition or can occur as part of a generalised connective tissue disorder, e.g. Compared with indices that include weight, a simpler height-based ratio (avoiding weight assessment and BSA calculation) yields satisfactory results for evaluating the risk of complications among patients with TAAA. Minners J, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Kaufmann BA, Bahlmann E, Gerdts E, Boman K, Chambers JB, Nienaber CA, Willenheimer R, Wachtell K, Holme I, Pedersen TR, Neumann FJ, Jander N. Heart. Specific views included the parasternal long- and short-axis views; apical 4-, 2-, and 3-chamber views; and subcostal views including respiratory motion of the inferior vena cava. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Left ventricular (LV) mass was calculated by the Penn convention and indexed for BSA. LaBounty TM, Kolias TJ, Bossone E, Bach DS. Overall, the predictive accuracy for aortic valve events was virtually identical for AVA and AVAindex in the SEAS population (mean follow-up of 46 months; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.67 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.70) vs. 0.68 (CI 0.65 to 0.71) (NS). The Thoracic Aorta: The Longest Section Of The Aorta A diameter of < 40 mm and a ratio left atrium/aortic root of < 1.3 are considered normal. . All rights reserved. Web Measurements, Indexed Separately By Bsa And By Height, Included The Aortic Annulus, Sinuses Of Valsalva, And Sinotubular Junction. Am J Cardiol. The five images were obtained from a single patient: SoV (Sin us of Valsalva), Asc (ascending aorta), Arch (aortic arch), pDTA (proximal descending thoracic aorta), and dDTA (distal descending thoracic aorta). Using data from the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography study, the authors sought to establish normal ranges of aortic dimensions across sexes, races, and a wide range of ages. The prevalence of severe stenosis increased with the AVAindex criterion compared to AVA from 71% to 80% in the retrospective cohort, and from 29% to 44% in SEAS (both p<0.001). Physical examination (height, weight, heart rate, and blood pressure [BP]) and clinical assessment were conducted according to standardized protocols by trained and certified staff members. There were no significant residual linear relations of age, gender, body size measurements (weight, height, or BSA) with thedifferences between observed and predicted aortic diameters. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Observational study of regional aortic size referenced to body size Normal Values of Aortic Root Size According to Age, Sex, and Race Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. SE1 0LH, Company number:04480121 Background: 2019 Jun 15;123(12):2015-2021. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.03.013. Am J Cardiol. Aortic dimensions now indexed for height and not BSA Should be obtained in end-diastole using inner-edge to inner-edge method Whereas previously there were different reference ranges for aortic dimensions according to age, the Society now produces age-independent ranges for men and women Read the guideline Poster orders [Dimensions of the proximal thoracic aorta from childhood to adult age: reference values for two-dimensional echocardiography. 2008;1(2):200-209. The flap should have a movement that is not parallel with any other cardio-thoracic structure. The below equation relies on the ratio of peak-to-peak instantaneous gradients. A rot size of 3,8 cm in a tall individual may be normal for example, but a 3,6 cm root may be enlarged in a very small. Conclusions: What Is Normal Aortic Root Size - ROOTSG Last, differences in aortic dimensions were also observed according to race: Asians had the smallest nonindexed aortic dimensions at all levels. Recent years have seen the publication of large, international, prospectively recruited studies from which the British Society of Echocardiography has now derived updated, robust reference intervals for use in echocardiographic practice within the UK. The absolute aortic diameters were significantly greater in men than in women at all levels, whereas BSA-indexed aortic diameters were greater in women ( Table2 ). Epub 2014 Apr 29. The predictive value of AHI and aorta diameter indexed to BSA (aortic size index [ASI]) was compared. Accessibility Aortic Size Index Calculator - CALCLUT Mean Platelet Volume to Platelet Count Ratio Predicts Left Atrial Stasis in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation Three models were developed in multiple regression analysis to explain aortic dimensions. Additional studies have supported the use of BSA as a strong deter - minant of aortic dimensions.7-9 Sports with extremes of BSA and height, such as basketball and volleyball, have shown a higher prevalence of athletes with aortic roots Aortic Nomograms are described in the peer reviewed paper: Normal limits in relation to age, body size and gender of two-dimensional echocardiographic aortic root dimensions in persons 15 years of age. For patients > 15 years of age and adults: utilizing diastole and leading edge-to-leading edge measurement of the sinuses of valsalva. Epub 2019 Mar 19. All measurements were obtained in a zoomed parasternal long-axis view. government site. Roman et al. XLSX Yale School of Medicine < Yale School of Medicine 2021 Mar;34(3):286-300. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.11.004. Aortic root dimensions indexed by annulus. Aortic dimensions were larger in older age groups in both sexes, a trend that persisted regardless of BSA or height adjustment. Aneurysm surgery can save your life by preventing rupture or dissection. The aorta begins at the aortic valve, where it branches off from the left ventricle of the heart. [Content_Types].xml ( UN0#q)jpic- 31P!EU+KL7YwHhixJwDQ.xP/XpJDZJ54 The partial correlation test by the Pearson method was used to assess clinically relevant variables with p <0.05, which were then incorporated into the multivariate model. Data are presented as mean SD and median and twenty-fifth and seventy-fifth percentiles. Growth rate estimates, yearly complication rates, and survival were assessed. I just wanted to let you know that even though I'm looking quite old, I'm still a millenial. . Epub 2020 Jan 9. Two-dimensional measurements of the AR were made at end-diastole in parasternal long-axis views at 4 levels: (1) annulus (defined echocardiographically as the hinge points of the aortic cusps), (2) sinuses of Valsalva, (3) sinotubular junction, and (4) proximal ascending aorta. The aorta is the main trunk of the arterial system, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. Posted on february 28, 2022, Source: openi.nlm.nih.gov. Full article: Is the aortic size index relevant as a predictor of On TTE, they had smaller LV dimensions and mass but similar E/A ratio ( Table1 ). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Risk stratification was performed using regression models. Left Atrial Volume Index (LAVI) has been found to correlate with mortality from cardiovascular disease and may be measured at the end-ventricular systole, when the LA is at its maxim size. TAA size is the strongest predictor of acute aortic syndromes. Its highest and lowest points are located at each of the three commissures and between any two of them, respectively. Aortic Root Replacement Surgery - Cleveland Clinic sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Two-tailed p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. 18 In patients who have no other conditions, the guidelines recommend surgery when the aortic root, ascending aorta, or aortic arch reaches 5.5 cm and when the descending aorta reaches 6.0 cm ( 5.5 cm with endovascular stenting). Colored area represents upper and lower limits of normal, with the equation for the former (ULN) shown below each plot. 8600 Rockville Pike For interobserver variability, Pearson correlations were as follows: for the aortic annulus, r= 0.88 (p <0.0001); for the sinuses of Valsalva, r= 0.96 (p <0.0001); for the sinotubular junction, r= 0.95 (p <0.0001); and for the maximum diameter of the proximal ascending aorta, r= 0.84 (p <0.0001). Pathogenic variants in ACTN2, coding for alpha-actinin 2, are known to be rare causes of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Stroke volume index = Stroke volume in mL / Body surface area in m 2. X X-Axis value Y Y-Axis value Calculate Age Range (yr) Unspecified BSA Range (m^2) Unspecified BMI Range (kg/m^2) Unspecified Z-Score (Undefined)
Growing Hemp In Nc Profit Per Acre, Childress Sangria Fruit Wine, Brent Burke Dobro, Articles A